Hawaiian Mythology

Hawaiian mythology is an intricate and deeply entrenched tradition that offers a unique perspective on the worldview and spiritual practices of the Hawaiian people. These myths have been passed down orally through countless generations, encapsulating the essence of Hawaiian life, from its creation stories to the tales of gods and legendary heroes. The myths are not just a reflection of the Hawaiian environment but also of the social, political, and spiritual beliefs of the islands’ inhabitants.

Hawaiian mythology is distinct in its strong connection to the natural environment, where each element—whether land, sea, or sky—is believed to be inhabited by deities or spirits. For example, the land is seen as a living entity with its own spiritual force, which is why the concept of “Aloha ‘Āina” (love for the land) is central to Hawaiian culture. This belief is deeply woven into the myths, which often portray gods and humans in close interaction with nature. The oral tradition is key to preserving these stories, and it’s important to note that while many of these myths have been recorded in written form since the arrival of Western missionaries, the oral tradition remains a vital aspect of how these stories are experienced and understood by the Hawaiian people today.

The Pantheon of Hawaiian Gods

Major Deities

The Hawaiian pantheon is vast, with hundreds of gods and goddesses, each representing different aspects of life, nature, and human experience. These deities were worshipped through various rituals and offerings, often linked to specific natural phenomena or societal roles.

1. Pele: Pele is perhaps the most revered and well-known deity in Hawaiian mythology. She is the goddess of volcanoes, fire, and lightning, and is often depicted as a powerful and capricious figure. Pele is not just a destroyer; she is also a creator, as her volcanic activities have given birth to new land. The ongoing volcanic activity on Kīlauea, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, is often attributed to Pele’s presence. Her story includes dramatic tales of conflict with her sister, Hi’iaka, and her many lovers, illustrating the duality of her nature. Pele’s legends are celebrated in hula and chant, and offerings to her—such as food or flowers—are still made at her supposed home in Halemaʻumaʻu crater.
2. Kanaloa: Kanaloa is the god of the ocean, associated with the deep sea, healing, and navigation. He is often depicted as a companion to Kāne, another major god, with whom he contrasts sharply—where Kāne is connected to life and fresh water, Kanaloa is linked to the dark and mysterious ocean depths. Kanaloa’s role in Hawaiian mythology reflects the central importance of the ocean in Hawaiian life, both as a source of sustenance and a means of travel. Hawaiians were expert navigators, and their ability to voyage across vast distances of open ocean was attributed to the guidance of Kanaloa and other ocean deities.
3. Kū: Kū is the god of war, politics, and male fertility. His worship was crucial to the ruling class, and he was associated with the strength and vitality of the aliʻi (chiefs). Kū’s domain also extended to agriculture, specifically the cultivation of ‘ulu (breadfruit), a staple crop. Offerings to Kū, including animal and sometimes human sacrifices, were made in heiau (temples) dedicated to him, underscoring his fearsome nature. Kū’s importance in the Hawaiian pantheon reflects the value placed on leadership, martial prowess, and the ability to protect and provide for the community.
4. Lono: Lono is the god of peace, fertility, agriculture, and music. His presence is particularly celebrated during the Makahiki season, a period of four months dedicated to rest, festivities, and tribute to Lono. During Makahiki, warfare was prohibited, and the focus was on harvest and community well-being. The rituals and games held during this time, including the ho‘okupu (offerings) of food and other goods, highlight Lono’s role as a bringer of prosperity and peace. His association with rainfall and fertility also underscores his importance in ensuring the success of crops and, by extension, the survival of the people.
5. Hina: Hina is one of the most revered goddesses in Hawaiian mythology, often associated with the moon. She is considered a goddess of femininity, the arts, and crafts such as tapa making (bark cloth). Hina is also connected to various natural phenomena, including the phases of the moon, which were important in determining the timing of agricultural activities. As the mother of the demigod Māui, Hina’s stories often explore themes of motherhood, transformation, and the balance of natural forces. Her legend, where she climbs to the moon to escape her oppressive husband, is a symbol of female empowerment and the cyclical nature of life.

B. Secondary Deities and Spirits

The Hawaiian pantheon also includes numerous lesser gods, demigods, and spirits that play vital roles in the mythology. These figures are often tied to specific places, activities, or aspects of daily life.

1. Hi’iaka: Hi’iaka, the younger sister of Pele, is the goddess of hula, chant, and medicine. She is known for her epic journey to restore her lover, Lohi’au, to life, a quest that demonstrates her loyalty, courage, and healing powers. Hi’iaka’s journey is filled with encounters with various supernatural beings, reflecting the interconnectedness of Hawaiian spiritual beliefs. Her association with hula, a dance form that tells stories through movement, underscores the cultural importance of storytelling and performance in Hawaiian society.
2. Kamohoalii: Kamohoalii, the shark god, is a protector and guide for those who respect the ocean. Sharks (manō) are considered ‘aumākua (family gods or ancestors), and Kamohoalii is particularly revered by fishing communities. His ability to transform between human and shark form symbolizes the dual nature of life—between land and sea, human and animal. His presence in the water was both feared and respected, and many fishermen would offer prayers and gifts to ensure safe passage and bountiful catches.
3. Laka: Laka is the goddess of hula, vegetation, and the forest. Her influence is seen in the sacred plants used in hula, such as the maile vine and ti leaves, which are considered embodiments of her spirit. Laka’s role in hula highlights the spiritual dimension of the dance, which is not merely a form of entertainment but a sacred ritual that connects the dancers and the audience to the gods. The importance of hula in Hawaiian culture cannot be overstated; it is a means of preserving history, conveying mythology, and maintaining a connection with the divine.

Key Myths and Legends

The Creation Myth

The Hawaiian creation myth is primarily captured in the Kumulipo, a long and complex chant that narrates the origins of the universe, gods, and humanity. The Kumulipo consists of over 2,000 lines, divided into two parts—each representing different stages of creation. The first part describes the birth of the world from darkness into light, with each era giving rise to more complex forms of life, from coral and fish to birds and land animals. This progression reflects the Hawaiian understanding of the world as a series of interconnected relationships, where every living thing is related to the gods and, by extension, to the Hawaiian people.

The second part of the Kumulipo focuses on the genealogical descent of the aliʻi (nobility), linking them directly to the gods. This connection was crucial in maintaining the social and political order, as it provided divine legitimacy to the ruling class. The chant was often recited during important ceremonies, such as the birth of a high-ranking child, to emphasize their divine ancestry and the sacredness of their role in society.

Legends of Heroic Figures

Hawaiian mythology is rich with stories of heroic figures who embody the values of courage, cleverness, and resilience.

1. Māui: Māui is one of the most famous figures in Polynesian mythology, known for his many exploits that benefit humanity. In Hawaiian lore, one of Māui’s most significant feats is his capture of the sun, which he did to slow its journey across the sky and lengthen the days. This story not only illustrates Māui’s cleverness and bravery but also reflects the importance of time and its management in agricultural societies. Māui is also credited with fishing up the Hawaiian Islands, using a magical hook. This story symbolizes the idea of Māui as a provider and creator, bringing forth new land for his people to inhabit.
2. Kaulu: Kaulu, though less well-known than Māui, is a figure of great importance in certain Hawaiian legends. Kaulu is known for his extraordinary strength and his ability to shape-shift into various forms, allowing him to overcome formidable challenges. His stories often involve defeating monstrous creatures or tricking malevolent gods, demonstrating the value placed on cunning and adaptability. Kaulu’s legends are particularly prevalent on the islands of Molokaʻi and Maui, where he is still honored in chants and stories.

Hawaiian mythology is rich with tales of love and sacrifice, often illustrating the deep connections between the gods, the land, and the Hawaiian people. These stories reflect the values of loyalty, devotion, and the sometimes tragic consequences of love.

1. Hina and the Shark-Man: One of the more poignant love stories in Hawaiian mythology is the tale of Hina and the Shark-Man. Hina, a goddess of great beauty and wisdom, falls in love with a man who, unbeknownst to her, is actually a shark in human form. When she discovers his true nature, the story explores the tension between love and fear, and the idea that love can transcend even the most significant differences. This tale also highlights the reverence for sharks in Hawaiian culture, where they are often seen as ‘aumākua, or ancestral spirits, and symbols of strength and protection.
2. The Legend of Naupaka: The Naupaka flower, which appears as if it is only half a blossom, is central to one of Hawaii’s most enduring love stories. According to legend, a princess named Naupaka fell in love with a commoner, a love that was forbidden. Unable to be together, Naupaka plucked a flower and tore it in half, giving one half to her lover. The two were separated, with one retreating to the mountains and the other to the sea, where the flower now grows in both places, symbolizing their eternal love. This story is often told to explain the unique half-shaped appearance of the Naupaka flower, which is seen as a physical manifestation of their love and sorrow.
3. Pele and Kamapua’a: The tumultuous relationship between Pele, the fiery goddess of volcanoes, and Kamapua’a, the pig god associated with fertility and agriculture, is another classic tale of love and conflict. Their union was marked by passion and violence, reflecting the sometimes volatile nature of love and relationships. Kamapua’a’s ability to transform into a boar allowed him to cool Pele’s fiery temper, symbolizing the balance between the destructive power of fire and the nurturing aspect of water and earth. This relationship is often used to explain natural phenomena, such as the cooling of lava by the sea, representing their eternal dance of creation and destruction.

Supernatural and Ghostly Legends

Hawaiian mythology also abounds with stories of supernatural beings and ghosts, often reflecting the deep spiritual connection the Hawaiian people have with their ancestors and the land.

1. The Night Marchers (Huaka’i Pō): The Night Marchers are among the most feared and respected spirits in Hawaiian mythology. These ghostly warriors are believed to be the spirits of ancient Hawaiian warriors who march in formation across the islands, protecting sacred sites and the resting places of aliʻi (nobility). The Night Marchers are said to appear on certain nights, often during the darkest phases of the moon, and their arrival is heralded by the sounds of chanting, drums, and the sight of torches in the distance. It is said that if you encounter the Night Marchers, you must lie face down and avoid eye contact to show respect, lest you be harmed. The presence of the Night Marchers in Hawaiian culture emphasizes the importance of respecting ancestral spirits and the sacredness of certain places.
2. The Green Lady (La Llorona of Hawaii): Another famous ghostly figure in Hawaiian lore is the Green Lady, said to haunt the Wahiawa Botanical Garden on Oʻahu. According to legend, the Green Lady is the spirit of a woman who lost her child in the forest and now wanders the area, covered in moss and leaves, searching for her lost child. This story is reminiscent of other cultural legends, such as La Llorona in Mexican folklore, where a grieving mother becomes a ghost after a tragic loss. The Green Lady serves as a cautionary tale for children, warning them not to wander alone in the forest.
3. Menehune: The Menehune are a mythical race of small, dwarf-like people said to live deep in the forests and valleys of the Hawaiian Islands. According to legend, the Menehune were master builders who created impressive structures, such as fishponds, roads, and temples, overnight. They are considered mischievous yet benevolent, often helping the people of Hawaii with their extraordinary skills. One famous example is the Alekoko Fishpond on Kauaʻi, which is said to have been constructed by the Menehune in a single night. The Menehune are an essential part of Hawaiian folklore, representing the ingenuity and industriousness of the Hawaiian people.

The Role of Nature in Hawaiian Mythology

Nature as a Living Entity

In Hawaiian mythology, nature is not just a setting for the gods and their stories; it is a living, breathing entity with its own spiritual essence. This deep respect for nature is evident in how the Hawaiian people view the land (ʻāina), ocean (kai), and sky (lani) as sacred. The concept of mana, a spiritual energy or life force, is believed to exist in all things—humans, animals, plants, and even rocks. This belief in the interconnectedness of all life forms underpins the Hawaiian worldview, where the well-being of the land and people are intrinsically linked.

For example, the forests are considered the domain of the gods, particularly the goddesses of the forest and hula, such as Laka. The importance of preserving the natural environment is reflected in the practice of kapu (taboos), which were established to protect sacred areas and resources. Breaking these taboos could result in spiritual or physical consequences, demonstrating the belief that nature must be respected and revered.

Mythological Interpretations of Natural Phenomena

Hawaiian myths often serve to explain the natural phenomena observed in the islands, attributing them to the actions of the gods.

1. Volcanic Eruptions: Pele, the goddess of volcanoes, is credited with causing volcanic eruptions as expressions of her anger, passion, or creativity. The eruptions of Kīlauea are seen as Pele’s ongoing creation of the Hawaiian Islands, where her fiery lava meets the sea to form new land. This cycle of destruction and creation is central to Hawaiian beliefs, illustrating the dual nature of Pele as both a destroyer and a creator.
2. Rainbows (Anuenue): In Hawaiian mythology, rainbows are considered a bridge between the gods and the earth. The goddess Anuenue is associated with rainbows, which are seen as signs of the gods’ favor or as pathways for spirits to travel between the heavens and the earth. Rainbows are also believed to be manifestations of the goddess Kāne, the god of life and creation, who provides fresh water for the land through rain and springs.
3. Ocean Swells: The ocean is a central element in Hawaiian life, and its many moods are explained through mythology. For example, the god Kanaloa, who controls the ocean and its creatures, is said to cause powerful ocean swells when angered. These swells are both revered and feared by Hawaiian fishermen and surfers, who understand them as manifestations of Kanaloa’s immense power. The respect for the ocean and its unpredictable nature is a recurring theme in Hawaiian culture, reflected in both myths and daily practices.

The Influence of the Environment

Hawaii’s unique environment, with its active volcanoes, lush forests, and vast oceans, profoundly influences its mythology. The islands’ isolation in the Pacific Ocean also plays a role in the development of these myths, which often emphasize survival, adaptation, and the balance between humans and nature.

The volcanic landscapes, such as the Halemaʻumaʻu crater on the Big Island, are considered sacred sites, home to deities like Pele. These areas are often the setting for mythological tales that explain their formation and significance. Similarly, the forests are seen as sacred spaces where gods and spirits reside, and they are treated with the utmost respect. The presence of rare and endemic species in these forests, many of which are found nowhere else on earth, further emphasizes the uniqueness of the Hawaiian environment and its reflection in mythology.

Oral Tradition and Storytelling

The Importance of Oral Tradition

Hawaiian culture has a strong oral tradition, where knowledge, history, and mythology are passed down through generations by word of mouth. This tradition ensured that the stories remained vibrant and relevant, with each storyteller adding their own nuances and interpretations. The role of the kupuna (elders) was crucial in this process, as they were the keepers of knowledge and were responsible for educating the younger generations.

The absence of a written language in pre-contact Hawaii meant that oral tradition was the primary means of preserving cultural identity. Stories were recited during various ceremonies, from the birth of a child to the installation of a new chief, reinforcing the connection between the people, their ancestors, and the gods.

Techniques in Hawaiian Storytelling

1. Hula: Hula is much more than a dance; it is a form of storytelling that conveys the myths, history, and spirituality of the Hawaiian people. Each movement in hula has a specific meaning, from the swaying of the hips representing the waves of the ocean to the hand gestures symbolizing the creation of the world. The chants (oli) that accompany hula are just as important, as they provide the narrative that the dance interprets. Hula is also a way to honor the gods, with certain dances being performed as offerings during religious ceremonies.
2. Oli: Oli are chants performed without music, often used in rituals, prayers, and storytelling. These chants are a form of oral literature, preserving the language, rhythm, and emotions of the stories they convey. Oli are an essential aspect of Hawaiian cultural expression, linking the present to the past through their repetitive and mnemonic structures.

3. Mo‘olelo: Mo‘olelo refers to the traditional Hawaiian narratives, including myths, legends, history, and genealogy. These stories are not just entertainment but serve as educational tools, preserving the knowledge and values of the Hawaiian people. Mo‘olelo are often recited during important ceremonies and gatherings, ensuring that each generation learns about their heritage and responsibilities to the community and the land. The telling of mo‘olelo requires not only a deep understanding of the language and culture but also the ability to convey the emotional and spiritual significance of the story.
4. Genealogical Chanting (Mele Ko‘ihonua): Genealogical chants, or Mele Ko‘ihonua, are vital in Hawaiian culture as they trace the lineage of individuals and families back to the gods. These chants establish the divine ancestry of the ali‘i (nobility) and reaffirm their right to rule. The precision required in reciting these chants is immense, as they are often complex and lengthy, detailing numerous generations. A mistake in the recitation could be seen as a loss of mana or spiritual power, hence the importance of accurate transmission through the oral tradition.
5. Kepakepa and Ho‘ouwēwē: Kepakepa is a rapid, rhythmic style of chanting used in storytelling, where the chanter conveys the narrative with a sense of urgency and emotion. This style is particularly effective in recounting dramatic events or heroic deeds. Ho‘ouwēwē, on the other hand, is a form of lamentation chant, expressing sorrow and loss. It is often used in mourning rituals or to recount tragic events in history or mythology. Both styles demonstrate the range of emotions and the depth of expression in Hawaiian oral tradition.

The Influence of Hawaiian Mythology on Modern Culture

Preservation and Revival of Hawaiian Myths

The preservation and revival of Hawaiian mythology have become essential in the broader movement to restore and maintain Hawaiian culture. This effort has gained momentum since the Hawaiian Renaissance of the 1970s, a cultural and political movement aimed at reclaiming Hawaiian identity. During this period, there was a renewed interest in traditional practices, language, and stories, which had been suppressed or marginalized during the years of colonization and American annexation.

1. Hawaiian Language Revival: Central to the preservation of Hawaiian mythology is the revival of the Hawaiian language (ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi). The language carries the nuances and cultural meanings of the myths, which are often lost in translation. Efforts to revitalize ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi have included the establishment of Hawaiian language immersion schools and the inclusion of Hawaiian as an official language of the state. This linguistic revival ensures that future generations can access the original versions of these myths and understand them in their cultural context.
2. Cultural Festivals and Practices: Cultural festivals such as the Merrie Monarch Festival, an annual hula competition held in Hilo, play a crucial role in the preservation of Hawaiian mythology. The festival, which honors King David Kalākaua, a patron of Hawaiian arts and culture, is a showcase of traditional hula, music, and chant. Through these performances, the stories of the gods, heroes, and the natural world are kept alive. Other practices, such as the makahiki season celebrations, continue to honor the deities like Lono and Kū, integrating mythology into modern cultural life.
3. Integration into Education: Hawaiian mythology is increasingly being integrated into the curriculum of schools in Hawaii, particularly in Hawaiian charter schools. This integration ensures that children learn about their cultural heritage from a young age, fostering a sense of identity and pride in their ancestry. Courses on Hawaiian studies at the University of Hawaii also explore these myths in depth, examining their significance in historical and contemporary contexts.

Hawaiian Mythology in Popular Culture

Hawaiian mythology has also made its way into popular culture, both locally and globally, influencing various forms of media and entertainment.

1. Literature and Film: Hawaiian mythology has inspired numerous works of literature, from ancient chants to contemporary novels. For example, the stories of Pele have been retold in various forms, including children’s books and adult fiction. The 2002 animated film “Lilo & Stitch” introduced a global audience to elements of Hawaiian culture, including the idea of ʻohana (family), which is deeply rooted in Hawaiian values. While the film is not directly based on mythology, it reflects the cultural backdrop against which these stories are set.
2. Music and Dance: Hawaiian music and dance continue to draw heavily from mythology. Traditional hula performances often depict the stories of the gods and heroes, while contemporary Hawaiian musicians may incorporate references to mythology in their lyrics. Artists like Israel Kamakawiwoʻole have popularized Hawaiian music globally, bringing attention to the cultural stories embedded within the music.
3. Tourism and Commercialization: Hawaiian mythology is also a significant aspect of Hawaii’s tourism industry. Visitors to the islands are often introduced to these myths through cultural tours, luaus, and museum exhibits. However, there is an ongoing debate about the commercialization of Hawaiian culture and the potential dilution of its deeper meanings when presented primarily for entertainment. Efforts are being made to ensure that these stories are told authentically and with respect for their cultural significance.

Hawaiian mythology is a rich and complex system of beliefs that offers deep insights into the Hawaiian worldview. These myths are not just stories but are integral to understanding the connection between the Hawaiian people, their gods, and the natural environment. The oral tradition through which these myths have been passed down has ensured their survival, even in the face of colonization and cultural suppression.

Today, there is a strong movement to preserve and revive Hawaiian mythology, recognizing its importance in maintaining cultural identity and continuity. As these myths continue to influence modern culture, from education to popular media, they remain a vital part of Hawaii’s living heritage. Understanding and appreciating Hawaiian mythology is essential not only for those who live in Hawaii but for anyone interested in the rich tapestry of human culture and spirituality.