Turkic Mythology

Turkic mythology is a deep and complex tradition, rich with symbols, stories, and rituals that have shaped the cultural and spiritual identities of the Turkic peoples for millennia. Stretching from the steppes of Central Asia to the forests of Siberia and the plateaus of Anatolia, these myths encapsulate the values, fears, and hopes of diverse Turkic communities. Central to Turkic mythology is Tengrism, an ancient belief system that centers on the worship of Tengri, the sky god. Tengrism is not just a religion but a holistic worldview that integrates the spiritual with the physical world, influencing social structures, laws, and everyday practices.

The Turkic peoples, who include groups such as the Gokturks, Uighurs, Khazars, and Seljuks, have left a vast cultural legacy. Their myths are preserved in epic poems, oral traditions, and historical texts that continue to resonate today. For instance, the Gokturks, who ruled a vast empire in Central Asia during the 6th and 7th centuries, named themselves after Tengri, reflecting their deep connection to this deity. The influence of these myths extends beyond the Turkic world, contributing to the cultural tapestry of the wider Eurasian region.

Core Concepts in Turkic Mythology

The Sky and Earth Dichotomy

The dichotomy between the sky and earth is a central theme in Turkic mythology, representing the balance between the spiritual and material worlds.

• Tengri (Sky God)
  Tengri is the most important deity in Turkic mythology, symbolizing the eternal blue sky, which was seen as the supreme source of power and wisdom. Tengri’s influence is evident in the political structures of ancient Turkic states, where rulers were considered to be chosen by Tengri, giving them a divine right to rule. The Mongols, who were influenced by Turkic beliefs, also adopted the concept of the “khan” as a leader chosen by Tengri. This belief in divine selection reinforced the authority of the rulers and unified the state under a common spiritual framework.

  In addition to being a god of the sky, Tengri was also associated with fate and destiny. The ancient Turkic people believed that Tengri controlled the fate of individuals and nations, and they would often seek his favor through rituals and sacrifices. Historical records indicate that during times of crisis, such as droughts or wars, Turkic leaders would perform elaborate rituals to appease Tengri and seek his guidance.

• Umay (Earth Goddess)
  Umay, the earth goddess, is equally revered, particularly for her role in fertility, childbirth, and protection. Umay was often depicted as a mother figure, nurturing the land and ensuring the prosperity of her people. In some traditions, she was believed to reside in trees or mountains, making these natural features sacred.

  Umay’s influence extended to the social structure as well. Women, especially those in childbearing roles, were seen as being under Umay’s special protection. This is reflected in various rituals and customs. For instance, it was common for Turkic women to wear amulets shaped like deer horns, which were believed to invoke Umay’s protection. In some regions, new mothers would offer prayers and sacrifices to Umay to ensure the health and well-being of their children.

The Sacred Numbers

Numbers held profound symbolic meaning in Turkic mythology, often representing cosmic principles or spiritual truths.

• Three: The number three often represented the three worlds: the sky (Tengri’s domain), the earth (the human realm), and the underworld. These three realms were interconnected, and rituals were often performed in threes to invoke harmony between them. For example, in some Turkic rituals, offerings were made three times to ensure that they reached the intended deity or spirit.
• Seven: Seven was considered a sacred number, often associated with spiritual and physical completeness. This is reflected in the belief in seven layers of heaven, each ruled by different gods or spirits. The number seven also appeared in burial practices; for example, some Turkic tribes would place seven stones on the graves of the deceased to guide their soul to the afterlife.
• Nine: The number nine was another significant number, symbolizing the highest level of completeness. In Turkic tradition, it was believed that there were nine rivers flowing through the underworld and nine gates to the afterlife. Rituals involving nine elements or nine repetitions were common, especially in ceremonies seeking divine favor or protection.
• Forty: The number forty often represented a period of trial or transformation. For instance, it was customary to observe forty days of mourning after a death, a practice that symbolized the transition of the soul to the afterlife. In some Turkic epics, heroes would undergo forty days of trials to prove their worthiness.

Dualism in Creation Myths

The dualistic nature of Turkic creation myths reflects a worldview where opposing forces coexist and interact to shape the world.

Kaira Khan and Erlik
The myth of Kaira Khan and Erlik is a prime example of this dualism. Kaira Khan, representing the forces of order and creation, creates the world from the primal ocean, with the help of a man who later becomes Erlik, the god of the underworld. Erlik’s attempt to deceive Kaira Khan by hiding sand in his mouth results in the unintended creation of mountains and valleys, symbolizing the imperfect nature of the material world.

Erlik, who is often depicted as a dark, fearsome figure, is a complex character in Turkic mythology. While he embodies chaos and evil, he also plays a necessary role in maintaining the balance of the universe. His domain, the underworld, is not only a place of punishment but also a realm where souls are purified before they can ascend to the heavens. This reflects the Turkic belief in the cyclical nature of life and death, where every end is a new beginning.

In some versions of the myth, Erlik’s rebellion against Kaira Khan leads to a cosmic battle, where the forces of light and darkness clash. This battle is not just a physical struggle but a spiritual one, representing the ongoing conflict between good and evil within the human soul. The outcome of this battle determines the fate of the world, emphasizing the moral responsibility of individuals to align themselves with the forces of good.

Legendary Figures and Heroes

The Legend of Asena

The legend of Asena is one of the most important foundational myths in Turkic culture, serving as a powerful symbol of the origins and resilience of the Turkic people.

• Asena the Wolf: According to the myth, Asena, a she-wolf, rescues a young boy, the sole survivor of a massacre, and nurtures him in her cave. The boy grows up and, together with Asena, becomes the ancestor of the Turkic people. This story is significant for several reasons. First, it highlights the sacred role of the wolf in Turkic culture. The wolf is seen as a totemic animal, symbolizing strength, courage, and guidance. The name “Asena” itself is thought to derive from the ancient Turkic word for “noble.”
• Symbol of Rebirth: The story of Asena also symbolizes the theme of rebirth and regeneration. Just as the boy is reborn through the care of the wolf, the Turkic people are seen as having been reborn from the ashes of destruction. This theme is reflected in the historical narrative of the Gokturks, who rose to power after the collapse of previous Turkic states. The image of the wolf leading the people to safety and prosperity is a recurring motif in Turkic art and literature.
• Cultural Impact: The legend of Asena has had a lasting impact on Turkic identity. In modern times, Asena has become a symbol of national pride among Turkic peoples, particularly in Turkey, where the grey wolf is used as an emblem by various nationalist groups. The myth also finds echoes in the traditions of other Turkic and Mongolic peoples, who share similar stories of wolves as ancestral beings.

Ergenekon and the Rebirth of the Turkic People

The Ergenekon legend is another foundational myth that plays a crucial role in the collective memory of the Turkic peoples.

• The Valley of Ergenekon: According to the legend, the Gokturks were trapped in a remote valley called Ergenekon after their homeland was invaded. They lived there for generations, cut off from the outside world, until a blacksmith discovered a way to melt the iron that blocked their exit. With the guidance of a grey wolf, the Gokturks escaped and reclaimed their lands, establishing a powerful empire.
• Symbolism of Iron: The use of iron in the myth is significant, as it reflects the importance of metallurgy in Turkic culture. The Gokturks were known for their advanced ironworking skills, which gave them a military and economic advantage over their rivals. The act of melting the iron to escape the valley symbolizes not only physical liberation but also the mastery of nature and the forging of a new destiny.
• Cultural and Historical Relevance: The Ergenekon myth is celebrated annually in Turkey on March 21st, during the Nevruz festival, which marks the beginning of spring. The festival includes reenactments of the myth, with participants symbolically breaking chains or melting iron. This celebration reinforces the themes of renewal and resilience, which are central to the Turkic identity.

Epic Tales from the Dede Korkut

The “Book of Dede Korkut” is one of the most important literary works in Turkic culture, embodying the essence of Turkic mythology, oral tradition, and the values of nomadic life. Composed of twelve epic stories, this collection has been passed down through generations and remains a cornerstone of Turkic literature.

• Heroic Stories and Characters: Each story in the “Book of Dede Korkut” revolves around heroic figures who embody the virtues of bravery, loyalty, and wisdom. For example, the tale of “Bogac Khan” tells the story of a young hero who saves his father’s life and earns his place as a warrior. Similarly, “Basat’s Fight with Tepegöz” narrates the battle between the hero Basat and a one-eyed giant named Tepegöz, a creature reminiscent of the Cyclops from Greek mythology. This tale highlights the eternal struggle between good and evil, a recurring theme in Turkic mythology.
• Moral and Social Values: The epics in Dede Korkut also reflect the moral and social values of the Turkic people. The emphasis on hospitality, respect for elders, and the protection of one’s tribe is evident throughout the stories. These values are not just literary themes but were central to the social fabric of the Turkic nomads, who lived in close-knit communities where mutual support and respect were essential for survival.
• Cultural Impact: The “Book of Dede Korkut” has had a profound impact on the cultural identity of Turkic peoples, particularly in Azerbaijan and Turkey, where it is considered a national epic. The characters and stories from the book have been adapted into various forms of art, including theater, film, and music, ensuring that the legacy of these ancient myths continues to influence modern culture.

Mythological Creatures and Spirits

Turkic mythology is rich with a variety of creatures and spirits, each with its own significance and role within the mythological framework. These beings often symbolize natural forces or human emotions and are integral to understanding the worldview of the Turkic peoples.

Protective and Mischievous Spirits

• Archura:
  Archura, a forest spirit, is a fascinating figure in Turkic mythology. This spirit is depicted as a guardian of the forest, embodying both its protective and capricious nature. Archura is often portrayed as a tall, hairy figure with features that blend human and animal characteristics, such as a beard of grass or moss. In some tales, Archura is known to play tricks on those who disrespect the forest, leading them astray or causing them to get lost. However, those who honor the forest and its spirits are said to be protected by Archura, who can guide them safely through the woods.

  The dual nature of Archura reflects the Turkic people’s deep respect for nature and their belief in the interconnectedness of all living things. Forests were seen as sacred spaces, home to both benevolent and malevolent forces. This belief in the spiritual significance of natural landscapes is still evident in some Turkic cultures today, where certain trees, mountains, and rivers are regarded as sacred.

• Bichura:
  Bichura is another prominent spirit in Turkic mythology, often associated with households. This spirit is usually depicted as a small, humanoid figure that can take the form of a cat, dog, or even a human dressed in red. Bichura is believed to reside in the hearth or the corners of the house, where it watches over the family. Depending on how it is treated, Bichura can either protect the household or cause mischief.

  For example, if a family neglects their household duties or disrespects the spirit, Bichura might cause minor disturbances, such as hiding objects or making strange noises at night. Conversely, a well-treated Bichura brings good luck and prosperity to the household. The belief in Bichura highlights the importance of maintaining harmony within the home and respecting the unseen forces that dwell within it.

Dark and Malevolent Entities

• Al Basty and Basty:
  Al Basty is one of the more fearsome spirits in Turkic mythology, often described as a demonic figure associated with night terrors and guilt. This spirit is usually depicted as a dark, shadowy figure that attacks people in their sleep, sitting on their chests and causing nightmares. Al Basty is believed to punish those who harbor guilt or have committed moral transgressions, embodying the psychological and spiritual burdens of unresolved issues.

  The concept of Basty, a spirit that causes sleep paralysis, is closely related to Al Basty. Basty is said to appear during sleep, paralyzing the victim and inducing terrifying visions. This phenomenon, known as “karabasan” in Turkish culture, is a common theme in Turkic folklore, reflecting the fear of the unknown and the belief in supernatural forces that can influence one’s state of mind and health.

• Khyrtyq:
  Khyrtyq is a particularly malevolent spirit in Turkic mythology, often associated with swamps and other dangerous, liminal spaces. Khyrtyq is depicted as a hideous, bloodthirsty demon that preys on those who venture too close to her domain. She embodies the dangers of the unknown, representing the fears associated with death, disease, and the untamable aspects of nature.

  Legends of Khyrtyq often served as cautionary tales, warning people, especially children, to avoid certain areas or to respect the natural world. These stories also reinforced the idea that certain places were inherently dangerous and required proper rituals or offerings to appease the spirits that dwelled there.

Influence of Turkic Mythology on Modern Culture

Revival in Literature and Media

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Turkic mythology has experienced a significant revival, particularly in literature, film, and television. This resurgence is part of a broader cultural movement among Turkic peoples to reconnect with their ancient heritage and reaffirm their identity in a rapidly changing world.

• Literature: Modern Turkic writers have drawn heavily on mythology to explore contemporary themes. For example, in Turkish literature, the works of authors like Yaşar Kemal often incorporate elements of Turkic folklore and mythology to address issues of identity, memory, and social justice. Similarly, in Central Asia, poets and novelists have revived ancient myths to critique Soviet-era policies and promote national consciousness.
• Film and Television: The influence of Turkic mythology is also evident in popular media. In Turkey, television series such as “Diriliş: Ertuğrul” and “Kuruluş: Osman” have gained international acclaim by dramatizing the lives of historical figures while incorporating mythological elements. These shows often depict the struggles of early Turkic leaders, blending historical fact with mythic narratives to create a sense of continuity with the past.

  The revival of interest in mythology is not limited to Turkey. In Kazakhstan, for example, the film “Tomiris,” which tells the story of the legendary warrior queen, has become a symbol of national pride. The film combines historical research with mythological elements, such as the portrayal of Tomiris as a figure chosen by Tengri to lead her people.

Preservation and Education

As Turkic mythology gains renewed attention, efforts to preserve and educate about these ancient traditions have intensified. This is particularly important as many of these myths were traditionally passed down orally and are at risk of being lost in the modern age.

• Academic Initiatives: Universities and research institutions in Turkey, Central Asia, and beyond have established programs dedicated to the study of Turkic mythology. These programs often involve the collection and analysis of oral histories, the translation of ancient texts, and the study of Turkic languages and their role in preserving cultural heritage.
• Cultural Projects: Various cultural organizations have launched projects to document and share Turkic myths with wider audiences. For example, digital archives and online platforms have been created to make these stories accessible to younger generations. Festivals celebrating Turkic mythology, such as the Nevruz festival, play a key role in keeping these traditions alive. These events often include reenactments of mythological stories, performances of traditional music, and exhibitions of art inspired by Turkic myths.

Turkic mythology is not just a collection of ancient stories; it is a living tradition that continues to shape the identities and beliefs of Turkic peoples today. From the reverence for Tengri and the earth goddess Umay to the heroic tales of Asena and the Gokturks, these myths offer a rich tapestry of meaning and moral guidance. They are a testament to the resilience and creativity of the Turkic people, who have preserved their cultural heritage through centuries of change and adversity.

In a world where cultural diversity is increasingly threatened, the preservation and revitalization of Turkic mythology are more important than ever. By exploring and understanding these myths, we not only honor the past but also ensure that the cultural spirit of the Turkic peoples continues to thrive. These stories are not just relics of history; they are sources of wisdom and inspiration that can guide us in navigating the challenges of the present and future.