The Cheyenne people, a resilient Native American tribe, have faced immense challenges throughout their history, from forced migrations to cultural suppression. Originating from the Great Lakes region, the Cheyenne migrated westward in the 17th and 18th centuries due to pressure from other tribes and European colonization. They eventually settled in the Great Plains, where they developed a deep connection with the land that is reflected in their rich cultural traditions. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the Cheyenne population is approximately 11,000, with significant communities in Montana and Oklahoma. Despite their small numbers, the Cheyenne have maintained a strong cultural identity, largely through the preservation of this American mythology.
Cheyenne mythology is not merely a collection of ancient stories but a living tradition that continues to shape the tribe’s cultural and spiritual life. These myths offer insight into the Cheyenne’s understanding of the world, their place within it, and their relationship with the natural environment. For instance, the Cheyenne’s belief in the sacredness of the earth and all its inhabitants is deeply rooted in their mythology, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of all life forms.
The Foundation of Cheyenne Mythology
Origins and the Role of Oral Tradition
Cheyenne mythology has been preserved through generations via oral traditions, with elders playing a crucial role as the keepers of these stories. In the absence of a written language, oral storytelling became the primary means of passing down cultural knowledge, spiritual beliefs, and historical narratives. For instance, during the long winter months, when the tribe gathered around the fire, elders would recount myths that not only entertained but also educated the young about their heritage and the moral lessons embedded within these stories.
The importance of oral tradition in Cheyenne culture cannot be overstated. Despite centuries of displacement and cultural suppression, these myths have survived, largely due to the dedication of elders and cultural leaders who have ensured that the stories are passed down accurately. This process of oral transmission is not static; it allows for adaptation and reinterpretation, ensuring that the myths remain relevant in changing times. For example, the story of Sweet Medicine, a key figure in Cheyenne mythology, has been adapted over time to address contemporary issues facing the Cheyenne, such as the challenges of maintaining cultural identity in a rapidly changing world.
Cosmology and Worldview
Central to Cheyenne cosmology is the belief in animism—the idea that every element of the natural world, from animals to inanimate objects, possesses a spirit. This belief underpins their view of the universe as a connected, living entity that deserves respect and reverence. The Cheyenne see the world as a balanced system, where every being plays a role in maintaining harmony. For example, the Cheyenne believe that the bison, a crucial animal in their culture, has a spirit that must be honored. This belief is reflected in their hunting practices, where rituals are performed to give thanks to the bison’s spirit before and after a hunt.
This animistic worldview is also evident in the Cheyenne’s reverence for natural landmarks. Bear Butte, located in South Dakota, is considered a sacred site where many Cheyenne myths are believed to have originated. The Cheyenne continue to hold ceremonies at Bear Butte, demonstrating the enduring significance of these sacred spaces in their cosmology. The site is also a place of pilgrimage, where individuals seek spiritual guidance and renewal, further highlighting the deep connection between the Cheyenne and the natural world.
Key Figures in Cheyenne Mythology
Wihio (Veho): The Trickster
Wihio, also known as the “Spider,” is one of the most intriguing figures in Cheyenne mythology. Unlike typical trickster figures who are cunning and wise, Wihio is often depicted as foolish and inappropriate, serving as a cautionary example of the consequences of defying societal norms. In one tale, Wihio attempts to steal the Sun’s pants, only to face humiliation and learn the importance of respecting boundaries. This humorous yet instructive tale teaches the value of humility and the dangers of arrogance.
Wihio’s stories are often used to teach children about the dangers of pride and the importance of humility. In contemporary times, these stories continue to be shared during cultural events and ceremonies, reinforcing their role in the moral education of the youth. The use of humor in Wihio’s tales makes them particularly effective in conveying important life lessons. For example, during the Cheyenne Winter Count—a tradition where the tribe recounts significant events of the past year—stories of Wihio are often included to remind the community of the virtues of humility and respect.
Sweet Medicine (Arrow Boy)
Sweet Medicine is one of the most revered figures in Cheyenne mythology. He is credited with establishing the Cheyenne’s legal and moral codes, which govern all aspects of life, from warfare to religious practices. According to legend, Sweet Medicine lived around 1700 and was a prophet who foretold the arrival of European settlers. He is also said to have brought the sacred arrows, which are considered the most important spiritual objects in Cheyenne culture.
These sacred arrows, known as “Mahuts,” are believed to hold the power of the Great Spirit and are used in ceremonies to ensure the well-being of the tribe. The Cheyenne take great care in preserving these arrows, which are kept by a designated keeper, who is responsible for their safekeeping and for leading ceremonies that involve them. The influence of Sweet Medicine’s teachings is still evident today, as his laws continue to guide the Cheyenne in their daily lives. For instance, during the Sun Dance—a central religious ceremony—references to Sweet Medicine’s teachings are made, underscoring his enduring impact on Cheyenne spirituality.
Nonoma: The Thunder Spirit
Nonoma, the spirit of thunder, holds a dual nature in Cheyenne mythology. Some view him as a Thunderbird, a powerful protector who brings rain and fertility to the land, while others consider him a wind spirit, embodying the fierce storms that sweep across the plains. Nonoma is often invoked during rituals to protect the people from natural disasters, such as tornadoes, which are common in the Great Plains.
The Cheyenne believe that Nonoma can be both benevolent and destructive, depending on how he is approached. In times of drought, offerings are made to Nonoma in hopes of bringing rain. These rituals highlight the Cheyenne’s deep connection to the natural elements and their belief in the interdependence of all life forms. For example, during the Green Corn Ceremony, prayers are offered to Nonoma for a bountiful harvest, reflecting the Cheyenne’s reliance on natural forces for their survival.
Ma’xemestaa’e: The Hairy Humanoid
Resembling the Sasquatch of Northwestern folklore, Ma’xemestaa’e is a large, hairy creature that roams the forests. Unlike the benevolent spirits of other myths, Ma’xemestaa’e is often feared for his unpredictable nature. Stories of encounters with this creature are used to teach caution and respect for the wilderness, reinforcing the idea that nature is powerful and must be respected.
There are numerous accounts of Ma’xemestaa’e sightings reported by Cheyenne hunters and travelers over the centuries. These stories are often accompanied by warnings to avoid certain areas where the creature is believed to dwell. The myth of Ma’xemestaa’e serves as a reminder of the mysteries of the natural world and the importance of living in harmony with it. In modern times, the figure of Ma’xemestaa’e has also been interpreted as a symbol of the unknown and the unexplained, reflecting the Cheyenne’s recognition of the limits of human knowledge and understanding.
Significant Myths and Their Meanings
Creation Myths
The Cheyenne creation myth, like those of many indigenous cultures, explains the origin of the world and the tribe itself. According to this myth, the Great Medicine created the earth and all its inhabitants, shaping a world that is inherently sacred. The myth tells of the Great Medicine shaping the first humans from clay, breathing life into them, and teaching them how to live in harmony with the world.
This creation story emphasizes the interconnectedness of all life and the responsibility of the Cheyenne to maintain balance and harmony. The Cheyenne believe that the earth is their mother and that all living things are their relatives. This belief is reflected in their respect for the land and their sustainable practices, such as rotating hunting grounds and using every part of the animals they hunt to avoid waste. For example, the Cheyenne practice of “meat-sharing” ensures that no part of the hunted animal goes to waste, with surplus meat distributed to those in need, reflecting the community-oriented values rooted in their creation myth.
The Quillwork Girl and Her Seven Brothers
This myth explains the origin of the Big Dipper constellation. It tells the story of a girl who, with the help of her seven brothers, escapes from a dangerous situation and ascends to the sky, where they are transformed into stars. The story highlights themes of family loyalty, bravery, and the importance of celestial bodies in guiding the Cheyenne.
The Quillwork Girl and her brothers are believed to watch over the Cheyenne from the sky, providing guidance and protection. This myth also illustrates the importance of quillwork, a traditional Cheyenne art form that involves decorating clothing and objects with porcupine quills. Quillwork is not only a means of artistic expression but also a way to honor the spirits and maintain a connection to the celestial world. The intricate designs in quillwork are often inspired by celestial patterns, symbolizing the connection between the earthly and the divine.
The Legend of the Rolling Head
One of the darker myths in Cheyenne folklore, the Rolling Head story involves a disembodied head that returns from the dead to seek revenge. This myth serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of betrayal and the destructive power of unchecked emotions. It reflects the Cheyenne’s deep understanding of the moral complexities of human behavior.
The Rolling Head story is often told as a warning against the dangers of jealousy and vengeance. It is used to teach the importance of forgiveness and self-control, values that are essential for maintaining harmony within the community. The story also serves as a reminder of the potential consequences of ignoring these moral teachings. The Rolling Head, in its relentless pursuit, symbolizes how unresolved anger and resentment can consume an individual, leading to destructive outcomes not only for oneself but for the entire community.
This myth is particularly relevant in teaching younger generations the importance of emotional regulation and the destructive potential of harboring negative emotions. The story is often recounted during significant community gatherings, such as the annual Sun Dance, where it serves as a reminder of the importance of communal harmony and personal integrity.
Flood Myths
Similar to the biblical story of Noah, the Cheyenne have their own flood myth, which tells of a great deluge that destroyed the earth, only for it to be reborn anew. In this myth, a few survivors are saved by the intervention of the Great Spirit, who guides them to safety on a high mountain. After the floodwaters recede, the survivors repopulate the earth, and the cycle of life begins again.
This flood myth reinforces the cyclical nature of life and the belief in renewal and purification through natural disasters. The Cheyenne view floods as both destructive and regenerative, a necessary part of the earth’s natural cycle. This belief is reflected in their agricultural practices, where the flooding of rivers is seen as a way to renew the soil and ensure a bountiful harvest. For example, the Cheyenne have traditionally planted crops in areas prone to flooding, knowing that the nutrient-rich silt deposited by floodwaters would yield abundant harvests.
The flood myth also emphasizes the Cheyenne’s resilience in the face of adversity. Just as the survivors of the flood rebuilt their lives, the Cheyenne have continually adapted to changing circumstances, whether due to environmental changes, conflicts with other tribes, or the pressures of European colonization. This myth serves as a metaphor for the Cheyenne’s ability to overcome challenges and emerge stronger, a theme that resonates deeply within the community.
The Role of Mythology in Cheyenne Society
Mythology and Social Structure
Cheyenne myths play a central role in shaping the tribe’s social structure and governing principles. The stories of figures like Sweet Medicine, who established the Cheyenne’s legal and moral codes, continue to influence the tribe’s customs and societal organization. For instance, the Cheyenne adhere to a complex system of laws and social norms that are believed to have been handed down by Sweet Medicine. These laws cover various aspects of life, from marriage and family relations to warfare and conflict resolution.
The societal structure of the Cheyenne is also reflected in their clan system, which is based on kinship and mutual responsibility. Each clan has specific duties and responsibilities, which are often linked to the roles and stories of mythological figures. For example, certain clans are responsible for maintaining sacred objects, such as the sacred arrows, while others are tasked with organizing important ceremonies. These roles are not merely functional but are imbued with spiritual significance, as they are seen as a continuation of the duties assigned by the Great Medicine in the creation myths.
Mythology in Rituals and Ceremonies
Cheyenne mythology is deeply intertwined with the tribe’s rituals and ceremonies, many of which are designed to honor the spirits and ensure the tribe’s continued prosperity. The Sun Dance, for example, is one of the most important religious ceremonies in Cheyenne culture. It involves a series of rituals, including fasting, prayer, and dancing, that are intended to bring the community together, renew the earth, and seek the blessings of the Great Spirit. The ceremony is steeped in mythological symbolism, with each aspect of the ritual reflecting elements of Cheyenne cosmology.
Another significant ceremony is the Arrow Renewal Ceremony, which is held to honor the sacred arrows brought by Sweet Medicine. During this ceremony, the arrows are ritually cleansed and re-consecrated, ensuring that they continue to protect the tribe and bring prosperity. The ceremony also serves as an opportunity for the community to reaffirm their commitment to the laws and teachings of Sweet Medicine.
The use of mythological stories in these ceremonies serves to reinforce the values and beliefs of the Cheyenne people. By retelling the stories of their ancestors and spiritual leaders, the Cheyenne maintain a strong sense of continuity with the past, while also adapting these traditions to address contemporary issues. For example, in recent years, some Cheyenne communities have incorporated modern environmental concerns into their rituals, drawing on the themes of renewal and harmony found in their mythology to advocate for greater environmental stewardship.
Mythology and Identity
For the Cheyenne, mythology is not just a set of stories but a fundamental aspect of their identity. These myths provide a sense of continuity with the past, helping the Cheyenne maintain their cultural identity in the face of external pressures. The retelling of myths serves as a means of preserving and transmitting cultural knowledge, ensuring that future generations remain connected to their heritage.
In contemporary times, Cheyenne mythology continues to play a vital role in cultural revitalization efforts. As the Cheyenne people work to preserve their language, traditions, and customs, mythology provides a rich source of inspiration and guidance. Educational programs, cultural workshops, and community events often feature the retelling of myths, helping to instill a sense of pride and belonging among younger generations.
Furthermore, Cheyenne mythology offers a framework for interpreting the challenges of modern life. Whether it is dealing with the effects of historical trauma, navigating the complexities of identity in a multicultural society, or advocating for the rights of Indigenous peoples, the lessons embedded in these myths remain relevant. By drawing on the wisdom of their ancestors, the Cheyenne are able to find strength and resilience in the face of adversity.
Contemporary Relevance
Preservation of Cheyenne Mythology
In the face of modern challenges, the Cheyenne are actively working to preserve their myths. Programs like the Cheyenne and Arapaho Culture Program and the Cheyenne Language Program are crucial in these efforts, ensuring that younger generations continue to learn and pass down these stories. The use of digital media has also become a valuable tool in this preservation, making these myths accessible to a broader audience.
Mythology in Modern Cheyenne Identity
Cheyenne mythology remains a vital part of the tribe’s identity, influencing not only their spiritual life but also their social and political actions. In a world that often threatens indigenous cultures with assimilation, these myths provide a source of strength and continuity, helping the Cheyenne maintain their distinct cultural identity.
Comparative Analysis with Other Native American Myths
While there are similarities between Cheyenne myths and those of other Plains tribes, such as the Lakota or the Blackfoot, Cheyenne mythology is unique in its emphasis on certain figures like Sweet Medicine and the specific moral codes he established. This distinction highlights the diverse ways in which Native American tribes understand and interact with the world around them.
